Classic history and presentation: The typical patient is an athlete with a noncontact pivot or cutting injury, or a patient with history of blunt force applied directly to the knee.
Prevalence:
- Segond fracture is associated with anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) injury in between 75% and 100% of cases.
- Sex / gender – ACL injury has increased incidence in females.
Pathophysiology: The Segond fracture is traditionally thought to represent a capsular avulsion fracture of the ALL off the proximal anterior lateral tibia.
Grade / classification system: No classification for the injury itself but the Lachman test on physical examination is typically reported for the associated ACL injury –
- Grade 1: < 5 mm translation
- Grade 2: 5-10 mm translation
- Grade 3: > 10 mm translation
- A: Firm endpoint.
- B: No firm endpoint.