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Primary hyperoxaluria
Other Resources UpToDate PubMed

Primary hyperoxaluria

Contributors: Michael W. Winter MD, Eric Ingerowski MD, FAAP, Catherine Moore MD
Other Resources UpToDate PubMed

Synopsis

Primary hyperoxaluria (PH) refers to a category of errors of inborn metabolism characterized by increased urine oxalate levels. It is caused by genetic mutations resulting in inappropriate glyoxylate metabolism and consequential high oxalate levels that get deposited as calcium oxalate, leading to multiorgan damage.

PH has autosomal recessive inheritance. Three genetic mutations have been identified:
  1. Type 1: glyoxylate aminotransferase (80% of cases)
  2. Type 2: mutation in gene for glyoxylate reductase / hydroxypyruvate reductase enzyme (10% of cases)
  3. Type 3: HOGA1 gene mutation (approximately 5% of cases)
Due to its genetic inheritance, PH can often run in families but may skip generations as family members can be silent carriers of autosomal recessive conditions.

Most patients are diagnosed as neonates during routine metabolic screening, which will reveal increased oxalate excretion in the urine. If not detected on neonatal screening, some patients will present with oxalate nephrolithiasis, nephrocalcinosis with or without renal injury, or hyperoxaluria with no underlying chronic gastrointestinal disease. Those with nephrocalcinosis may present with recurrent urinary tract infections. Oxalate deposition can vary widely among individual patients, leading to a varied clinical presentation at different ages. In general, approximately 50% of patients with PH type 1 present with renal symptoms by early adulthood, and PH type 2 presents later in life, but both patient populations develop end-stage renal disease. PH type 3 most commonly presents in early childhood but rarely develops end-stage renal failure.

Codes

ICD10CM:
E72.53 – Primary hyperoxaluria

SNOMEDCT:
17901006 – Primary hyperoxaluria

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Last Reviewed:06/27/2020
Last Updated:06/27/2022
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Primary hyperoxaluria
A medical illustration showing key findings of Primary hyperoxaluria (Adult) : Hematuria, RBC decreased
Copyright © 2024 VisualDx®. All rights reserved.